In teacher Jane Elliot's classic study, the most startling finding was that the______. Kelman (1953) tried to pursue the matter further. Fritz Heider developed _______ to explain why people choose the particular explanations of behavior that they do. Maria's fellow professor asked her to teach an honors class in the spring. Do a site-specific Google search using the box below. Which event or moment has the greatest effect on the author's decision to protest? The participants who convinced themselves that the task really was fun were the ones . Which of the following is not a factor that influences attitude formation? Hence, the alternative explanation discussed above cannot account for the findings. Hoffer, E. (1951) The True Believer. The same logic applies to selfish concerns such as getting other people to respect you. These Ss were hired for twenty dollars to do the same thing. The______explanation of prejudice assumes that the same processes that help form other attitudes form prejudiced attitudes. 47 14 Comparison of the effectiveness of improvised versus non-improvised role-playing in producing opinion change. Rating scale 0 to 10. Violent video games have been blamed for all but which of the following? Cults use all of the following except_______to gain new members. Let us then see what can be said about the total magnitude of dissonance in a person created by the knowledge that he said "not X" and really believes "X." //document.getElementById('maincontent').style.display = 'none'; The five ratings were: 1. These made them question what the real purpose of the study is. 0000000609 00000 n 51 0 obj Sandy was using_______ processing. Method In their laboratory experiment, they used 71 male students as participants to perform a series of dull tasks (such as turning pegs in a peg board for an hour). . There are, after all, other ways in which the experimentally created dissonance could be reduced. This short persuasive communication was made in all conditions in exactly the same way. /MediaBox[0 0 484 720] they shifted their attitudes and perceived the task as more enjoyable Festinger and Carlsmith had predicted In 1959, Leon Festinger and Merrill Carlsmith looked to test Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance. The results from this question are shown in the last row of Table 1. Which of the following does NOT represent an effective method for reducing prejudice? The participants who were paid only $1 to perform the boring /Info 46 0 R One would then expect no differences at all among the three conditions. 3. The war in Iraq, the design of the ship Titanic, and the Challenger disaster are all given in the textbook as examples of, If your roommate asks you for a ride to campus and you agree, and then the next day asks if he can borrow your car, it is an example of the. The discussion between the S and the girl was recorded on a hidden tape recorder. 112 Is it simply the actions of an explicitly racist contingent? The participants were asked to carry out series of monotonous tasks that were meant to be boring and nonsensical. Their job is to give the next group of participants a delightful introduction of the tasks they have previously performed. Instead the opposite happened. Cognitive dissonance is when we experience conflicting thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes. A theory of cognitive dissonance. Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith conducted a study on cognitive dissonance investigating on the cognitive consequences of forced compliance. The Social Comparison Theory was originally proposed by Leon Festinger in 1954. [p. 208] In the Twenty Dollar condition, where less dissonance was created experimentally because of the greater importance of the consonant relations, there is correspondingly less evidence of dissonance reduction. Cognitive dissonance theory implies that if you demand respect, you will get it. The most likely predictor of the development of prejudice and discrimination between two groups is the degree of _____ between the groups. One group was being paid that amount to lie to the next subject about the boring experiment. ________ describes the situation in which people attend to the content of a message. Those who got $1 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting than did those who got $2. The driver was making a situational attribution; the officer was making a dispositional attribution. Carlsmith performed an experiment regarding cognitive dissonance in Betty writes a letter to her senator asking for support of a law making corporations responsible for the pollution they cause. If you want somebody to like you, induce the person to perform "liking behavior" such as doing you a favor. How would a social psychologist describe this situation? Karen is engaging in, The sadistic behavior of the "guards" in Philip Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Study, highlighted the influence that a social role can have on ordinary people, Jim jumped into the ocean to save a drowning man, risking his own life in the process. /N 8 Through the lens of cognitive dissonance theory, however, the explanation was a bit different. Write to Dr. Dewey at psywww@gmail.com. At the supermarket, a demonstrator gives away free samples of a new pizza. The researchers further concluded, with the help of the said results, that with $1, participants found no significant justification thus the occurrence of cognitive dissonance. To which two processes do most social psychologists attribute the failure of Kitty Genovese's neighbors to help her? Leon Festinger and his colleague James Carlsmith performed an experiment regarding cognitive dissonance in 1959. The fact that a social role can lead to an increase in aggressive behavior points to _____as a major contributor to aggression. Half the students were offered a $1 incentive for telling the next student about the experiment, and half were paid $20. Michigan Academician, 1, 3-12. In the One Dollar condition, since the magnitude of dissonance was high, the pressure to reduce this dissonance would also be high. trailer According to research in interpersonal attraction, the most likely explanation for them to "find" each other is______. Results of the experiment showed that even though the tasks were indeed boring and uninteresting, the unpaid control group rated the activity a negative 0.45 (-0.45). His task was to turn each peg a quarter turn clockwise, then another quarter turn, and so on. Hoffer, E. (1951) The True Believer. 48 0 obj What is the reason for the lack of action, according to Darley and Latane? He explained that, since they were required to serve in experiments, the department was conducting a study to evaluate these experiments in order to be able to improve them in the future. Among the paid participants, 5 had suspicions about getting paid for the designated task. Kelman (1953), in the previously mentioned study, in attempting to explain the unexpected finding that the persons who complied in the moderate reward condition changed their opinion more than in the high reward condition, also proposed the same kind of explanation. In 1959, Festinger and his colleague James Carlsmith published an influential study showing that cognitive dissonance can affect behavior in unexpected ways. The Control condition gives us, essentially, the reactions of Ss to the tasks and their opinions about the experiment as falsely explained to them, without the experimental introduction of dissonance. Her parents attribute this to Elizabeth's laziness. >> The same logic applies to selfish concerns such as getting other people to respect you. Doing so, they started to identify with the arguments and accept them as their own. Three conditions were run, Control, One Dollar, and Twenty Dollars as follows: If the S hesitated, the E said things like, "It will only take a few minutes," "The regular person is pretty reliable; this is the first time he has missed," or "If we needed you we could phone you a day or two in advance; if you couldn't make it of course, we wouldn't expect you to come." In this study, Festinger and Carlsmith found that It enabled us to measure the opinions of our Ss in a context not directly connected with our experiment and in which we could reasonably expect frank and honest expressions of opinion. They were instructed to put spools onto and off the try with only one hand for half an hour, and then turn 48 square pegs clockwise for the next half hour. When one person meets another person for the first time, ________ occurs. Which of the following is not one of the reasons given by the text for interpersonal attraction? This illustrates, If Julie holds the specific attitude that smoking is bad and will likely have an adverse effect on her health, possibly causing lung cancer or emphysema, Julie is, more likely to match her behavior to her attitude by not smoking, When trying to persuade an audience, the message should. We will discuss each of the questions on the interview separately, because they were intended to measure different things. If we once start making sacrifices for anythinga family, a religion, or a nationwe find that we cannot admit to ourselves that the sacrifices have been in vain without a threat to our personal identity. Two Ss (both in the One Dollar condition) told the girl that they had been hired, that the experiment was really boring but they were supposed to say it was fun. How do we explain this? Nicole thinks of herself as an honest, trustworthy person. Jane used ______ when receiving the officer's message. From this point on, the procedure for all three conditions was once more identical. What term refers to helping behavior that is performed voluntarily for the benefit of another person, which no anticipation of reward? A woman argues that it is morally wrong to kill animals for food becomes upset when she is asked to explain why she is wearing a leather belt and leather shoes. Sandy was a juror in the trial for a man accused of stealing guns from a sporting goods store. In the third element of social identity theory, people use _______ to improve their self-esteem. His refusal to grant them loans is an example of________. Now Lilly says that classic rock is her favorite music, too. An experiment by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) brought cognitive dissonance theory to the attention of American social psychologists. Please sign in to share these flashcards. Or is there something more nuanced at play? Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. "Fight acts, not feelings," is the banner of anti-racist social scientists. The results were surprising to Festinger. 0000000848 00000 n KELMAN, H. Attitude change as a function of response restriction Hum. The girl, an undergraduate hired for this role, said little until the S made some positive remarks about the experiment and then said that she was surprised because a friend of hers had taken the experiment the week before and had told her that it was boring and that she ought to try to get out of it. (Goleman, 1991) Assume that you were a participant in the experiment conducted by Leon Festinger and J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959), in which participants were paid either a large or small sum of money to tell an innocent stranger that the boring, tedious task you had just completed was really enjoyable and very interesting.
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