For commercial use, until World War II, much of benzene was obtained as a by-product of coke production (or "coke-oven light oil") for the steel industry. The temperatures of the distillate and rejected brine flowing from the preheaters are 45 C . ; Daniels, A.C., [88] The purpose of establishing an IDLH value is (1) to ensure that the worker can escape from a given contaminated environment in the event of failure of the respiratory protection equipment and (2) is considered a maximum level above which only a highly reliable breathing apparatus providing maximum worker protection is permitted. For example, mutations in CYP2E1 increase activity and result in increased generation of toxic metabolites. Benzene production is currently expanding in the Middle East and in Africa, whereas production capacities in Western Europe and North America are stagnating. Hence it floats onwater. The specific heats and latent heats of fusion of ice and of several organic compounds, Centric affinities (i.e., bonds) acted within a designated cycle of carbon atoms. This discovery led to the production of Sanka. Ber. The measurement of benzene in humans can be accomplished via urine, blood, and breath tests; however, all of these have their limitations because benzene is rapidly metabolized in the human body. Substance Specific heat capacity (J/g C) lead 0.128 silver 0.235 copper 0.385 iron 0.449 aluminum 0.903 water 4.184 An unknown substance has a mass of 14.5 g.14.5 g. The temperature of the substance increases by 15.3 C15.3 C when 85.4 J85.4 J of heat is added to the substance. Derivatives of benzene occur sufficiently often as a component of organic molecules, so much so that the Unicode Consortium has allocated a symbol in the Miscellaneous Technical block with the code U+232C () to represent it with three double bonds,[62] and U+23E3 () for a delocalized version.[63]. [all data], de Kolossowsky and Udowenko, 1933 Data, 1969, 14, 102-106. Excess function of VE,(dVE/dp)T, and CpE of isooctane + benzene and + toluene, Get the detailed answer: What is the specific heat of benzene? Kalali, H.; Kohler, F.; Svejda, P., Sometimes, higher temperatures are used instead of a catalyst (at the similar reaction condition). We don't collect information from our users. Have high density 4. I. Diffuse through otherliquids 6. [42] If the anecdote is the memory of a real event, circumstances mentioned in the story suggest that it must have happened early in 1862. Benzene causes cancer in animals including humans. Ber. When plastic water pipes are subject to high heat, the water may be contaminated with benzene. CAS RN. See: Thiele, Johannes (1899) "Zur Kenntnis der ungesttigten Verbindungen" (On our knowledge of unsaturated compounds), Kolmetz, Gentry, Guidelines for BTX Revamps, AIChE 2007 Spring Conference, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Chim., 1960, 8, 651-653. Phys., 1937, 5, 537-551. Only emails and answers are saved in our archive. The reaction involves the acylation of benzene (or many other aromatic rings) with an acyl chloride using a strong Lewis acid catalyst such as aluminium chloride or Iron(III) chloride. Naziev, Ya.M. Heat Stress Risk Assessment for Baseball and Softball Assignors . Chem. Benzene itself can be measured in breath, blood or urine, but such testing is usually limited to the first 24 hours post-exposure due to the relatively rapid removal of the chemical by exhalation or biotransformation. Sci. Complete decarboxylation of mellitic acid gives benzene. [107][108], This article is about the chemical compound. ; Udowenko, W.W., Res., 1931, NBS 6, 881-900. ; Blanchard, E.R. 2021 by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce biphenyl (aka diphenyl) at higher temperature: If the raw material stream contains much non-aromatic components (paraffins or naphthenes), those are likely decomposed to lower hydrocarbons such as methane, which increases the consumption of hydrogen. Chim., 1968, 16, 549-552. Keep away from heat and sources of ignition. Substantial quantities of epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory data link benzene to aplastic anemia, acute leukemia, bone marrow abnormalities and cardiovascular disease. Applicability of the DuPont 900 DTA apparatus in quantitative differential thermal analysis, Except where noted otherwise, data relate to, This page was last edited on 14 February 2023, at 04:18. Benzene (CAS 71-43-2) 1 Carcinogenic to humans. Calorimetry (Lect. 9.11 Ratio of Specific Heats of Vapor (Gas): 1.061 9.12 Latent Heat of Vaporization: 169 Btu/lb = 94.1 cal/g = 3.94 X 105 J/kg The aromatic compounds. Phosgene. We don't save this data. specific content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptors for a question. Pure benzene, for example, oxidizes in the body to produce an epoxide, benzene oxide, which is not excreted readily and can interact with DNA to produce harmful mutations. In bacteria, dioxygenase enzyme can add an oxygen to the ring, and the unstable product is immediately reduced (by NADH) to a cyclic diol with two double bonds, breaking the aromaticity. These aberrations can be monitored using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with DNA probes to assess the effects of benzene along with the hematological tests as markers of hematotoxicity. Specific heat of liquids. ; Rossini, F.D., The idea is used in fireworks to produce the colour. Toluene is also processed into benzene. To examine the effects of suppression of NOS activity on hematopoietic stem cells, we treated animals with NOS inhibitors or with control saline solution for 6 or 12 days and analyzed the changes in long-term engraftment of cells from these animals using a competitive repopulation assay: we mixed BM cells from the treated animals expressing the Ly-5.1 (CD45.1) alloantigen with a 4-fold excess . [all data], Andrews, Lynn, et al., 1926 ; El-Sharkawy, A.A.; Gasser, F.A., Bull. Specific Heat Search. However, if heated it becomes a gas, and when cooled it becomes a solid. Subrahmanyam, S.V. Long-term exposure to excessive levels of benzene in the air causes leukemia, a potentially fatal cancer of the blood-forming organs. J. Chem. Ser. The specific heat transfer area is 109.46 m 2 per (kg/s) of fresh water and the heat transfer area of the distillate preheater is 200 m 2. (2007), Last edited on 15 February 2023, at 05:01, United States Environmental Protection Agency, US Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, an explosion at a China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) factory, Industrial Union Department v. American Petroleum Institute, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Chemical & Engineering Data Series, "Surface tension measurements show that chaotropic salting-in denaturants are not just water-structure breakers", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, "Benzene - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics", "On new compounds of carbon and hydrogen, and on certain other products obtained during the decomposition of oil by heat", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, "ber das Benzol und die Suren der Oel- und Talgarten", Reports of the Proceedings of the Scientific Society of Freiburg, "On the oxidation of phenyl alcohol, and a mechanical arrangement adapted to illustrate structure in the non-saturated hydrocarbons", Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, "Sur la constitution des substances aromatiques", "Ueber einige Condensationsproducte des Aldehyds", "An explanation of the laws which govern substitution in the case of benzenoid compounds", "Crocker, Not Armit and Robinson, Begat the Six Aromatic Electrons". The molecular conformation is stabilized by NHO and NHN intermolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions. J. Phys. [all data], Kurbatov, 1947 Standard Reference Data Act. Smaller amounts of benzene are used to make some types of rubbers, lubricants, dyes, detergents, drugs, explosives, and pesticides. National Institute of Standards and heat [1] 3. See also tabulated values of specific heat of gases, food and foodstuff, metals and semimetals, common solids and other common substances as well as values of molar heat capacity of common organic substances and inorganic substances. Commun., 1979, 44, 3529-3532. Pol. de Kolossowsky, N.A. J. [all data], Tanaka, 1985 Consist of disordered clusters of particles that are quite close together; particles have random motions in three dimensions Solids 1. Solution Chem., 1987, 16, 745-752. Neft Gaz. and final temperature T f = C = K = F, Q = calories = kcal = x 10^ calories. Hydroquinone, benzenetriol and catechol are converted to polyphenols. Benzene is the name of an aromatichydrocarbon,C 6 H 6. [9], 1919, 11, 253-291. [all data], Recko, 1968 Structure and properties. [66], Toluene is now often used as a substitute for benzene, for instance as a fuel additive. [43], In 1929, the cyclic nature of benzene was finally confirmed by the crystallographer Kathleen Lonsdale using X-ray diffraction methods. J. Chem. All rights reserved. for disposal with other flammable, non-chlorinated solvents. J. Anal. Risk of ignition. Six-membered aromatic rings with one carbon replaced by another element: This page was last edited on 15 February 2023, at 05:01. Birch reduction, a non catalytic process, however selectively hydrogenates benzene to the diene. Eng. 3 mtr circ Lifting strap 1 Ton x 1.5m EWL round sling Hoist, 30PCS 3/8-16x1-3/4" Allen Socket Head Cap Screws Bolts Alloy Coarse Black Oxide, Drive 6 Point Deep Impact Socket 55433 x 1/2 in Steelman 13/16 in, Combustible Gas Leak LEL Natural Gas Detector Methane Benzene Propane Alarm, 1-Count Sharpie Twin-Tip . Have no definite shape 2. However, NIST makes no warranties to that effect, and NIST Trans. Contact us at contact@myengineeringtools.com 1. Univ. The use of mixing calorimeter for measuring heat capacities of liquids, Table 7.2. ber das Verdampfungsgleichgewicht Benzol-1-2-Dichloraethan, The molecule is located on a crystallographic inversion center and the terminal aminophenoxy rings are almost perpendicular to the central benzene ring with a dihedral angle of 85.40 (4). [46], The German chemist Wilhelm Krner suggested the prefixes ortho-, meta-, para- to distinguish di-substituted benzene derivatives in 1867; however, he did not use the prefixes to distinguish the relative positions of the substituents on a benzene ring. He said that he had discovered the ring shape of the benzene molecule after having a reverie or day-dream of a snake biting its own tail (this is a common symbol in many ancient cultures known as the Ouroboros or endless knot). Burlew, J.S., 1 C H vap (80. Calorimetric determinations of thermal properties of methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, and benzene, Cookies are only used in the browser to improve user experience. The thermal analysis clearly ensures the enhancement in case of benzene added water upward spray, and the achieved average heat flux is 1.78 MW m 2. Thermodynam., 1976, 8, 411-423. at 1 atm: botling point = 80. This was seven years after he had solved the problem of how carbon atoms could bond to up to four other atoms at the same time. Ramadevi Punyamurthy et al. There are sufficient high-quality literature values to make a good evaluation with a high degree of confidence. [40] Some historians have suggested that the parody was a lampoon of the snake anecdote, possibly already well known through oral transmission even if it had not yet appeared in print. Containers may explode when heated. The most important variations contain nitrogen. Heat capacity of benzene at high pressures, Benzene is an organic chemical compound with the . [all data], Ogawa and Murakami, 1985 The aromatic products of the reaction are then separated from the reaction mixture (or reformate) by extraction with any one of a number of solvents, including diethylene glycol or sulfolane, and benzene is then separated from the other aromatics by distillation. Benzene and cyclohexane have a similar structure, only the ring of delocalized electrons and the loss of one hydrogen per carbon distinguishes it from cyclohexane. Grolier, J.-P.E. The risk from exposure to 1 ppm for a working lifetime has been estimated as 5 excess leukemia deaths per 1,000 employees exposed. ; Wallace, J.H., Jr., Acta, 1985, 88, 255-260. [106], The Nazis used benzene administered via injection as one of their many methods for killing. Shiohama, Y.; Ogawa, H.; Murakami, S.; Fujihara, I., AddThis use cookies for handling links to social media. In the United States, concern over its negative health effects and the possibility of benzene entering the groundwater has led to stringent regulation of gasoline's benzene content, with limits typically around 1%. [all data], Maass and Walbauer, 1925 Inzh-Fiz. The heat capacities and heat of crystallization of some isomeric aromatic compounds, Recko, W.M., Ethylbenzene Formula: C 8 H 10 Molecular weight: 106.1650 IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/C8H10/c1-2-8-6-4-3-5-7-8/h3-7H,2H2,1H3 IUPAC Standard InChIKey: YNQLUTRBYVCPMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N CAS Registry Number: 100-41-4 Chemical structure: This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file It is a byproduct of the incomplete combustion of many materials. been selected on the basis of sound scientific judgment. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. Chem. Fortier, J.-L.; Benson, G.C., Chemical Properties of Ethylbenzene (CAS 100-41-4) InChI InChI=1S/C8H10/c1-2-8-6-4-3-5-7-8/h3-7H,2H2,1H3 InChI Key YNQLUTRBYVCPMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formula C8H10 SMILES CCc1ccccc1 Molecular Weight 1 106.17 CAS 100-41-4 Other Names .alpha.-methyltoluene Aethylbenzol Benzene, ethyl- EB Ethylbenzeen Ethylbenzol Etilbenzene Etylobenzen NCI-C56393 NSC 406903 Heats of formation and chemical compositions . What is the formula for specific heat? Benzene is hepatically metabolized and excreted in the urine. Maleic anhydride is widely used in resins, coating, pharmaceuticals, surfactants, agricultural products, and plastics. The word "benzene" derives from "gum benzoin" (benzoin resin), an aromatic resin known since ancient times in Southeast Asia; and later to European pharmacists and perfumers in the 16th century via trade routes. Soc. Specific target organ toxicity - repeated exposure - Category 1. Chem., 1948, 79, 162-177. Grolier, J.-P.E. Measurement of air and water levels of benzene is accomplished through collection via activated charcoal tubes, which are then analyzed with a gas chromatograph. Andrews, D.H.; Lynn, G.; Johnston, J., Benzene vapor is heavier than air. 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20894 USA. Depending on the feedstock used to produce the olefins, steam cracking can produce a benzene-rich liquid by-product called pyrolysis gasoline. Technology, Office of Data Experimental device for measurement of isobaric specific heat of electrolytes at elevated pressures, [all data], Oliver, Eaton, et al., 1948 Tschamler, H., Rover's Latest Discovery Puts It 'On the Table', "Organic matter preserved in 3-billion-year-old mudstones at Gale crater, Mars", "A Crystallographic Study of Solid Benzene by Neutron Diffraction", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A, "Electronic structure of the benzene molecule", "Unicode Character 'BENZENE RING' (U+232C)", "Unicode Character 'BENZENE RING WITH CIRCLE' (U+23E3)", "Heterocyclic Chemistry: Heterocyclic Compounds", "A pervasive molecule is captured in a photograph", "Market Study: Benzene (2nd edition), Ceresana, August 2014", "Market Study: Toluene, Ceresana, January 2015", "Control of Hazardous Air Pollutants From Mobile Sources", "Traffic-related air pollution and the onset of myocardial infarction: disclosing benzene as a trigger? [all data], Deshpande and Bhatagadde, 1971 Rastorguev, Yu.L. Contact China Manufactory Wuhan Kaimubuke Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd for the product BERYLLIUM CHLORIDE. Proc. J. Chem. The heat capacity of the system benzene + diphenylmethane, ; Kohler, F., Carbon dioxide (CO2). Obshch. Int. Williams, J.W. [all data], Dejardin, 1919 As benzene can cause cancer, NIOSH recommends that all workers wear special breathing equipment when they are likely to be exposed to benzene at levels exceeding the REL (10-hour) of 0.1 ppm. Copyright for NIST Standard Reference Data is governed by Mitt. [all data], Ferguson and Miller, 1933 Individuals carrying variant of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), microsomal epoxide hydrolase (EPHX) and deletion of the glutathione S-transferase T1 (GSTT1) showed a greater frequency of DNA single-stranded breaks.[99]. Because it contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms, benzene is classed as a hydrocarbon.[15]. [all data], Kolosovskii and Udovenko, 1934 [all data], Rajagopal and Subrahmanyam, 1974 Heat capacities of some organic liquids determined with the Picker flow calorimeter, Excess heat capacities for mixtures of benzene with cyclopentane, methylcyclohexane, and cyclooctane at 298.15 K, Rept. Benzene is a colorless and highly flammable liquid with a sweet smell, and is partially responsible for the aroma of gasoline. A typical reaction yield exceeds 95%. Eng. Willams, J.W. Zhur. J. ; Bhatagadde, L.G., In 2013, the biggest consumer country of benzene was China, followed by the USA. Steam cracking is the process for producing ethylene and other alkenes from aliphatic hydrocarbons. Benzene has 6 hydrogen atoms, fewer than the corresponding parent alkane, hexane, which has 14. Class XII. [81], Exposure to benzene may lead progressively to aplastic anemia, leukaemia, and multiple myeloma. Glutathione seems to play an important role by protecting against benzene-induced DNA breaks and it is being identified as a new biomarker for exposure and effect. Q = joules = x 10^ joules. J. One way of understanding the carcinogenic effects of benzene is by examining the products of biological oxidation. Izv. The maximum contaminant level goal (MCLG), a nonenforceable health goal that would allow an adequate margin of safety for the prevention of adverse effects, is zero benzene concentration in drinking water. *** Very flammable. [all data], Atalla, El-Sharkawy, et al., 1981 Benzene: Patient information sheet, "Drinking Water Contaminants | Organic Chemicals | Benzene", "Benzene Toxicity: Standards and Regulations", "Documentation for Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH): Introduction", "Blood concentrations of volatile organic compounds in a nonoccupationally exposed US population and in groups with suspected exposure", "100 tonnes of pollutants spilled into Chinese river", "Drinking water contamination from the thermal degradation of plastics: Implications for wildfire and structure fire response", "A Former Nazi Labor Camp in Austria, Now Billed as a Tourist Site", Dept. Follow us on Twitter Question, remark ? The new understanding of benzene, and hence of all aromatic compounds, proved to be so important for both pure and applied chemistry that in 1890 the German Chemical Society organized an elaborate appreciation in Kekul's honor, celebrating the twenty-fifth anniversary of his first benzene paper. [78] IARC rated benzene as "known to be carcinogenic to humans" (Group 1). Data, 1985, 30, 267-269. Heat capacities at constant volume, free volumes, and rotational freedom in some liquids, Pyrolysis gasoline can be blended with other hydrocarbons as a gasoline additive, or routed through an extraction process to recover BTX aromatics (benzene, toluene and xylenes). Tanaka, R., arrow_forward The specific heat capacity of copper metal is 0.385 J/g K. How much energy is required to heat 168 g of copper from 12.2 C to +25.6 C? Good, W.D. Benzene is a chemical compound in gasoline. National Institutes of Health. Excess volumes and excess heat capacities of tetrachloroethene + cyclohexane, + methylcyclohexane, + benzene, and + toluene at 298.15 K, Mesure des chaleurs specifique moleculaires de quelques liquides, 1 C) = 30.7 k // mol melting point = 5.5 0 C A H tin (5.50 C) = 9.95 kV / mol specific heat liguid = 1.741/ 0 C At a pressure of 1 atm, what is AH in kJ for the process of condensing a 31.3 a sample of gaseous benzene at . M1: benzene (120 . Thermophys., 1981, 2(2), 155-162. Hyder Khan, V.; Subrahmanyam, S.V., Specific heat of sulphuric acid= 1.40 . [30][37] Kekul used evidence that had accumulated in the intervening yearsnamely, that there always appeared to be only one isomer of any monoderivative of benzene, and that there always appeared to be exactly three isomers of every disubstituted derivativenow understood to correspond to the ortho, meta, and para patterns of arene substitutionto argue in support of his proposed structure. Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) PubChem Substance ID. ; Shipova, V.A., AddThis use cookies for handling links to social media. From p. 102: " benzene, according to this view, may be represented by a double ring, in fact." VII. Archibald Scott Couper in 1858 and Johann Josef Loschmidt in 1861[36] suggested possible structures that contained multiple double bonds or multiple rings, but too little evidence was then available to help chemists decide on any particular structure. Benzene CCOHS. Temperature and Pressure - Online calculator, figures and table showing density and specific weight of benzene, C 6 H 6, at temperatures ranging from 5 to 325 C (42 to 620 F) at atmospheric and higher pressure - Imperial and SI Units. [49] In 1870, the German chemist Viktor Meyer first applied Grbe's nomenclature to benzene.[50]. 80.0C Boiling Point Melting Point Heat of Vaporization: Heat of Fusion 10.0C 10.0 kJ/mol 30.0 kJ/mol 100.0 J/mol K 90.0 J/mol K 70.0 J/mol K heat capacity . J. Chem. Critically Evaluated Thermochemical Properties of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set a permissible exposure limit of 1 part of benzene per million parts of air (1 ppm) in the workplace during an 8-hour workday, 40-hour workweek. Eng. Sci. The specific heat of a substance is the amount of energy that must be transferred to or from 1 g of that substance to change its temperature by 1. and Informatics, Vibrational and/or electronic energy levels, Electron-Impact Ionization Cross Sections (on physics web site), Computational Chemistry Comparison and Benchmark Database, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Database, version 4.1, NIST Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Structure Index, NIST / TRC Web Thermo Tables, "lite" edition (thermophysical and thermochemical data), NIST / TRC Web Thermo Tables, professional edition (thermophysical and thermochemical data). The solvent-properties of the two are similar, but toluene is less toxic and has a wider liquid range. Bunsenges. J. A small-area case-crossover study", "Advances in understanding benzene health effects and susceptibility", American Petroleum Institute, API Toxicological Review, Benzene, September 1948, "Advances in Understanding Benzene Health Effects and Susceptibility", International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs, "Benzene-induced cancers: abridged history and occupational health impact", "The toxicity of benzene and its metabolism and molecular pathology in human risk assessment", Occupational Safety and Health Standards, Toxic and Hazardous Substances, 1910.1028, Public Health Statement for Benzene, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. [25] In 1997, benzene was detected in deep space.[26]. Copper standard solution,CAS Number:7440-50-8,Specification:50mL Benzene: 0.085: 2.7: 4.0: 1460: Hexane: . As benzene is ubiquitous in gasoline and hydrocarbon fuels that are in use everywhere, human exposure to benzene is a global health problem.
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